Watch out for ‘leakage’: These are some of the clues students can look out for to help prevent school violence

It can be tough figuring out whether a student might be contemplating harm, or if they’re simply being irritable, angry or withdrawn.

The key is to look out for drastic changes in behavior, said school safety consultant Melissa Reeves, past president of the National Association of School Psychologists.

Those drastic changes can show up in different ways.

For some, it’s increased outward behavior. “So we will see an escalation in grievances. An escalation, potentially, in anger. We will see an escalation in difficulty managing their emotions,” Reeves said.

Others might do the opposite and become more isolated.

“We’re still seeing significant changes, but they may now be starting to withdraw,” Reeves said. “They’re no longer interacting with groups of friends. They’re starting to spend more time on the internet.”

Broad statements of hostility, such as “I hate everybody,” are another red flag, Reeves said.

Watch out for ‘leakage’

School shooters often leak hints about their plans before they carry them out, said O’Toole, the former FBI profiler.

“I’ve seen it in nearly every case. And leakage is very specific because it is the shooter talking about what they’re going to do before they do it,” she said.

“They’re typically done because the offender is really excited about what they’re going to do. Some people say it’s a cry for help … if they’re discovered beforehand, then they could be used for that purpose,” O’Toole said.

But for those bent on violence, “They plan it. They think about it. They fantasize about it. They prepare for it. And all of that period of time in which that is done. That’s very pleasant for them. They enjoy it..”

“However, if you pair this with other risk factors and/or warning signs, it could very well be a sign of leakage,” Reeves said.

The drawing is a clear sign of leakage, Reeves said.

Leakage can also involve a fixation on previous mass shootings “to the point where the English teacher knows about it, their friends at the lunch table know about it,” O’Toole said.

While a troubling social media post or a disturbing comment in class might not indicate any threat, it’s still worth telling a teacher or school official because others may have additional concerns, O’Toole said.

Make sure students can report concerns anonymously

“Educate the students and the faculty to what the red-flag behaviors are … and make it so that students can call in on a confidential line,” O’Toole said.

Some schools use websites or apps to report concerns anonymously. Even an old-fashioned dropbox and note cards can work, O’Toole said.

But no mechanism will work unless students feel comfortable using them.

“You have to educate the student body that this is not an effort to rat out your fellow student or get a fellow student in trouble,” O’Toole said.

“We strive for prevention — based on knowing what warning behaviors are, how to spot them and how to use appropriate intervention in an objective and compassionate way,” she said.

Have a threat assessment team to help support students and thwart violence

Ideally, every school or school district should have a behavioral threat assessment team with protocols on handling potential threats, Reeves said.

Just because a student gets called in to meet one or more team members doesn’t mean that student is in trouble.

“It’s not designed to be punitive,” Reeves said. “It is an intervention process to get them help. And it does prevent acts of violence.”

Reeves said she and other school psychologists have worked with students who had started planning or even started gathering materials to cause harm.

But when there’s intervention and support, many students “no longer had the desire to want to harm others,” she said.

“Oftentimes, when we’re doing the threat assessment is where we find out there’s abuse going on in the home. Or that one parent just got arrested for domestic violence and they’re sitting in jail. Or the one grandma that was their caretaker who they loved just died. Now they feel that they have nobody,” Reeves said.

“Through this process, we oftentimes identify stressors that nobody knew about. And then when we can intervene, we prevent them from escalating.”

Knowing when to involve law enforcement is another important role of the threat assessment team.

“However, if the threat is legitimate and mitigation actions need to be taken, an SRO/law enforcement officer may become engaged in a consultative or direct role. … Reports involving weapons, threats of violence, and physical violence should immediately be reported to local law enforcement.”

Schools can inspect a locker or backpack with ‘reasonable suspicion’

The recent school shooting in Michigan has prompted questions about whether schools can search a student’s backpack or locker.

The school district has not publicly said whether the suspect’s backpack had been searched.

Schools can search a locker or backpack if they have “reasonable suspicion that there is potentially some sort of weapon or something that could be used as a weapon,” Reeves said.

“It’s a very low bar for a school to search a backpack or a locker,” CNN Senior Legal Analyst Elie Honig said. “We know that from the Supreme Court — it’s reasonable suspicion, which is very low.”

But just because a school can search a locker or backpack doesn’t mean it’s obligated to, the former federal prosecutor said.

Ask multiple people about gun access

When there are hints a student might cause harm, O’Toole said it’s critical to ask both the student and their parents questions about guns, such as:

If there’s a high level of concern, and the student says they don’t have access to a gun, “you can’t stop there,” O’Toole said.

“Self-reported information is some of the least reliable information that you can have. So you need to find other sources to corroborate what this person is telling you,” the former FBI special agent said.

“So you would certainly want to look for anything else that might suggest that this person is experiencing violent ideation of some kind,” she said. That means talking to the parents, teachers and even law enforcement to see if there have been any reports of incidents at the home.

Don’t rush to suspend or expel a student, which can backfire

School officials shouldn’t rush to suspend or expel a student who might cause harm, Reeves said.

“Human instinct is to kick the student out of school, but this can actually escalate risk,” she said.

“In addition, further disconnecting the student can increase grievances.”

Therefore, “these types of consequences should be implemented only after careful team consideration and should always be paired with supportive interventions,” the team of school psychologists wrote.

On the other hand, keeping the student of concern supervised at school “decreases the opportunity for them to be at home alone where they have more time to conduct research and plan how to carry out the act of violence.”

Focus on proactive help

“One of the most proactive ways that we can identify individuals early on is we need to be doing more prevention programs in schools,” Reeves said. Those can include programs on bullying prevention, suicide prevention, conflict resolution and anger management.

“In addition, parent awareness and engagement is critical,” Reeves said.

“We need parents to be more aware of what is happening in their child’s life and what they may have in their possession. While we need students and school staff to report, we also need more parent engagement at home and also need them to reach out when their child is struggling.”

‘Students, quite honestly, are our biggest eyes and ears’

To maximize school safety, anyone who sees a warning sign should report it, O’Toole said.

While a single incident might not prompt serious concern, “you don’t just look at that alone,” she said.

“It’s the totality of all those behaviors. So one person may know about leakage. One person may know, ‘Yeah, I heard that he has access to a gun.'” And another person might report a separate concern about the same student, O’Toole said.

“So you pull all those together and you say, ‘Ah-ha, now I’m really concerned’ or ‘Nope, there’s nothing else here. Nothing to see here.'”

Reeves said students are often in the best position to notice red flags — whether those clues are on social media, in the classroom or outside of school.

“Students, quite honestly, are our biggest eyes and ears that are out there.”